{"id":958,"date":"2021-01-15T01:58:07","date_gmt":"2021-01-15T01:58:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/doing-memory.de\/avrupada-sagci-siddeti\/"},"modified":"2022-04-26T10:12:22","modified_gmt":"2022-04-26T10:12:22","slug":"avrupada-sagci-siddeti","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/doing-memory.de\/tr\/avrupada-sagci-siddeti\/","title":{"rendered":"Avrupa’da Sa\u011fc\u0131 \u015eiddeti"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n

A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k nedir?<\/h2>\n\n

Hepimiz \u201ca\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 fikirlerin\u201d ne anlama geldi\u011fini hayal edebiliyoruz, ama tam olarak nerede ba\u015fl\u0131yor? Bu soruyu cevaplamak o kadar kolay de\u011fil. Bilimsel bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla bu, insanlar aras\u0131nda ‘\u0131rk’ veya etnik k\u00f6kene dayal\u0131 e\u015fitsizli\u011fi varsayan t\u00fcm tutum ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7erir. Bu nedenle a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k, insan haklar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7o\u011fulcu bir toplumu reddeder. Demokrasi ve de\u011ferleri reddedilir, bu ideolojide birey, topluma ve devletin iradesine tabi olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n

Konuyla ilgili daha fazla bilgi? <\/h5>\n\n

Jaschke, Hans-Gerd (2001): Rechtsextremismus und Fremdenfeindlichkeit: Begriffe, Positionen, Praxisfelder. Wiesbaden, S.30<\/p>\n\n

Ger\u00e7ekler ve Rakamlar<\/h3>\n\n
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\u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n sona ermesinden bu yana, Almanya’da \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131, anti-feminist, sosyal-darwinist, homofobik ve anti-semitik nedenlerle 300’den fazla insan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 DDR’de (Demokratik Alman Cumhuriyeti\/Do\u011fu Almanya), bir\u00e7o\u011fu eski Federal Cumhuriyet’te, \u00e7o\u011fu iki Alman devletinin birle\u015fmesinden sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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300+<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n

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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.639<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Almanya’da ola\u011fan hale gelen sa\u011fc\u0131 \u015fiddet: \u00d6zellikle 1990’lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda ve 2010’lar\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda \u015fiddet politikas\u0131 t\u0131rmand\u0131. 1992’de 2.639 sa\u011f \u015fiddet vakas\u0131 belgelendi, 2015’te 1.698 vaka vard\u0131. Polise bildirilmeyen \u015fiddet su\u00e7lar\u0131 gibi kayda de\u011fer say\u0131da bildirilmeyen vaka nedeniyle ger\u00e7ek rakamlar daha da y\u00fcksek. Gece sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 ve kundaklama sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6ncelikle m\u00fcltecileri ve g\u00f6\u00e7menleri hedef al\u0131yor. \u00c7o\u011fulcu bir toplumu savunan politikac\u0131lar, giderek daha fazla sa\u011fc\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n hedefi haline geliyor.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n

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2020 bahar\u0131nda 481 Neo-Nazi aran\u0131yordu (bkz. Bundestag yay\u0131n\u0131 19\/22127). Y\u0131llard\u0131r tutuklama emriyle aranan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131lar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 haneli say\u0131larda. Kas\u0131m 2012’den Eyl\u00fcl 2017’ye kadar bu say\u0131 266’dan 501’e y\u00fckseldi. Tutuklama emirlerinin gerek\u00e7eleri siyasi nedenli su\u00e7lard\u0131r, ancak hepsinden \u00f6nemlisi \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren su\u00e7lard\u0131r. Aranan Nazilerin \u00e7o\u011fu birka\u00e7 y\u0131ld\u0131r saklan\u0131yor \u2013 baz\u0131lar\u0131 yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

481<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Almanya’da sa\u011fc\u0131 \u015fiddet<\/h2>\n\n

Sava\u015ftan sonra<\/h3>\n\n

\u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n sona ermesinden sonra, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011f ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta geri ad\u0131m atmak zorunda kald\u0131; ancak k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 gruplar ve partiler yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 1960’lar\u0131n sonundan itibaren ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctleri de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 1960’larda ve 1970’lerde, bunlar \u00f6ncelikle eski Federal Cumhuriyet’teki sola, Yahudilere ve Holokost’un an\u0131s\u0131na y\u00f6nelikti. 1980 sa\u011fc\u0131 ter\u00f6r\u00fcn \u015fiddetli oldu\u011fu bir y\u0131ld\u0131: ‘Alman Eylem Gruplar\u0131’n\u0131n \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131, Haham Shlomo Levin ve Frida Poeschke’nin anti-semitik cinayeti, M\u00fcnih Oktoberfest sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131. Baz\u0131 cinayetler uzun s\u00fcre sa\u011fc\u0131 \u015fiddet olarak anla\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n

1990’larda t\u0131rmanan \u015fiddet<\/h3>\n\n

1980’lerdeki sa\u011fc\u0131 ter\u00f6r eylemlerinden sonra, iki Alman devletinin birle\u015fmesi, beraberinde bir \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 \u015fiddet dalgas\u0131 getirdi. Su\u00e7 ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma suistimali ile ilgili yanl\u0131\u015f bilgilerin k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmas\u0131yla, sosyal sistemin \u00e7\u00f6kmesi korkusu artt\u0131. Sa\u011fc\u0131 \u015fiddet, kitlesel bir olguya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc: Sembollerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131 Solingen, Hoyerswerda, M\u00f6lln ve Rostock-Lichtenhagen gibi \u015fehir isimleri oldu.<\/p>\n\n

Milenyum sonras\u0131<\/h3>\n\n

2000’lerde, soru\u015fturma makamlar\u0131, NSU cinayetlerinin sa\u011fc\u0131 ter\u00f6rist arka plan\u0131n\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015f de\u011ferlendirdi, ancak sald\u0131r\u0131lardan etkilenenler, faillerin olas\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 ter\u00f6rist g\u00fcd\u00fclerine erkenden dikkat \u00e7ekti ve bir g\u00f6steride \u015funlar\u0131 talep etti: \u201c10. Kurban Yok!\u201d (Kein 10. Opfer!) Devlet ve polis, ancak NSU’nun 4 Kas\u0131m 2011’de sa\u011fc\u0131 bir ter\u00f6rist grup oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra, ma\u011fdurlar\u0131 ciddiye almad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmek zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n

Yeni Sa\u011f<\/h3>\n\n

S\u00f6zde \u0130slamla\u015ft\u0131rma ve ‘Yabanc\u0131la\u015fma’ korkusu, 2014’te \u00f6zellikle m\u00fcltecilere kar\u015f\u0131 yeni bir sa\u011f \u015fiddet dalgas\u0131n\u0131 tetikledi. PEGIDA ve AfD gibi a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 dernekler ve partiler kuruldular. Baz\u0131 durumlarda, sa\u011fc\u0131 ter\u00f6rist gruplar\u0131n maskesinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, polis ve ordu mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011fc\u0131 \u015fiddet eylemlerinin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131na dahil oldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Halle’de Yahudi cemaatinin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 koruyucu \u00f6nlemler bir toplu katliam\u0131 \u00f6nledi; Hanau’da sa\u011fc\u0131 bir ter\u00f6rist, on ki\u015fiyi ve kendisini \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n

Konuyla ilgili daha fazla bilgi?<\/h5>\n\n

Virchow, Fabian: Zur Geschichte des Rechtsterrorismus in Deutschland. In: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte 49-50\/2019, S. 15-19.<\/p>\n\n

Benz, Angelika (2016): Stationen b\u00fcrgerlicher Gewalt. Von Rostock-Lichtenhagen bis Clausnitz. In: Benz, Wolfgang (Hrsg.): Fremden Feinde und Wut B\u00fcrger. Verliert die demokratische Gesellschaft ihre Mitte? Berlin: Metropol, 69-97.<\/p>\n\n

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Yunanistan, Norve\u00e7 ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya’da sa\u011fc\u0131 \u015fiddet<\/h2>\n\n

Yunanistan<\/h3>\n\n

Son y\u0131llarda Neo-Nazi partisi ‘Goldene Morgenr\u00f6te’ Yunanistan’daki m\u00fclteci ve g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra sol \u00f6rg\u00fct \u00fcyelerine y\u00f6nelik sistematik sald\u0131r\u0131lar d\u00fczenledi. Yaln\u0131zca hip-hop \u015fark\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 Pavlos Fyssas’\u0131n Eyl\u00fcl 2013’te \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, sa\u011fc\u0131 tehlikenin daha geni\u015f bir \u015fekilde alg\u0131lanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda ‘Goldene Morgenr\u00f6te’ su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc olarak mahkum edildi. Bununla birlikte, Yunan adalar\u0131ndaki kamplara t\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan m\u00fcltecilere kar\u015f\u0131 sistematik ter\u00f6r de dahil olmak \u00fczere \u0131rk ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u015fiddet devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n

Norve\u00e7<\/h3>\n\n

22 Temmuz 2011’de Anders Behring Breivik, h\u00fck\u00fcmet b\u00f6lgesinde bir bomba patlatt\u0131 ve Ut\u00f8ya adas\u0131nda Sosyal Demokrat Parti’nin bir gen\u00e7lik \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bir yaz kamp\u0131nda 69 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc. Kapsaml\u0131 bir manifestoda fail, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131, anti-semitik ve anti-feminist d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya koydu. Eylem, kendisini ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc bir topluluk olarak g\u00f6ren Norve\u00e7 toplumunun \u00f6z imaj\u0131n\u0131 sarst\u0131. Ancak, 1990’lar\u0131n sonundan beri, g\u00f6\u00e7 kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ‘Fortschrittspartei’ (Bir siyasi parti) \u00e7ift haneli se\u00e7im sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 elde etmi\u015fti ve ge\u00e7ici olarak h\u00fck\u00fcmetteydi. Norve\u00e7li blogcu ‘Fjordman’ da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00fcn kazand\u0131. Breivik’in mahkum edilmesinden sonra bile sa\u011fc\u0131 \u015fiddet devam etti: 10 A\u011fustos 2019’da \u0130slami Kurban Bayram\u0131’n\u0131n arifesinde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 biri B\u00e6rum’da bir camiye sald\u0131rd\u0131. Birden fazla ate\u015fli silahla donanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, inananlar ona boyun e\u011fdirmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya<\/h3>\n\n

Bu arada, g\u00fcvenlik yetkilileri de, ister g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famda olsun, isterse ter\u00f6r sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde olsun, sa\u011fc\u0131 \u015fiddeti b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tehdit olarak g\u00f6rmektedir. \u00d6zellikle Brexit i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan milliyet\u00e7i kampanya ve bir\u00e7ok kitle ileti\u015fim arac\u0131n\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 haberleri, nefret su\u00e7lar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir art\u0131\u015fa katk\u0131da bulundu. Bu genellikle \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kla motive edilir. \u0130ngiliz politikac\u0131 Jo Cox’un 2016 y\u0131l\u0131 Haziran ay\u0131 ortas\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinin ard\u0131ndan, \u00e7ok say\u0131da ba\u015fka sa\u011fc\u0131 \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren komplolar da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k nedir? Hepimiz \u201ca\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131 fikirlerin\u201d ne anlama geldi\u011fini hayal edebiliyoruz, ama tam olarak nerede ba\u015fl\u0131yor? Bu soruyu cevaplamak o kadar kolay de\u011fil. Bilimsel bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla bu, insanlar aras\u0131nda ‘\u0131rk’ veya etnik k\u00f6kene dayal\u0131 e\u015fitsizli\u011fi varsayan t\u00fcm tutum ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7erir. Bu nedenle a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sa\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k, insan haklar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7o\u011fulcu bir toplumu reddeder. Demokrasi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-958","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/doing-memory.de\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/958"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/doing-memory.de\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/doing-memory.de\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/doing-memory.de\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/doing-memory.de\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=958"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/doing-memory.de\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/958\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":961,"href":"https:\/\/doing-memory.de\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/958\/revisions\/961"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/doing-memory.de\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=958"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}